Anthropometric Changes in Athletes, Sedentary and Smokers before, During and after Ramadan Fasting

Abstract

Fasting, both in religious contexts like Ramadan and as part of intermittent fasting (IF) regimens, has garnered significant attention due to its potential impact on body composition parameters. This study explores the effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on body mass, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage (BF%) across three distinct cohorts: elite football athletes, sedentary individuals, and sedentary smokers.

The study, conducted during the 2023 Ramadan fasting period, involves 20 dedicated football athletes, 20 sedentary non-smokers, and 20 sedentary smokers. Weekly measurements of anthropometric parameters were taken, including body mass, BMI, and BF%. The study aims to shed light on how lifestyle choices, such as regular training, smoking habits, and dietary behaviours, intersect with physiological responses to fasting.

Results indicate that athletes maintained their body mass and BMI during Ramadan, with a swift return to pre-fasting values post-Ramadan (20.37 vs 20.39). In contrast, sedentary smokers exhibited a slight increase in body mass during fasting and a more significant increase afterward, potentially due to nicotine's complex effects on appetite and metabolism. Sedentary non-smokers also experienced a significant increase (p˂0.05) in BMI during and after Ramadan, suggesting that fasting can disrupt normal eating behaviours, leading to weight gain.

Regarding BF%, athletes consistently maintained lower levels throughout Ramadan, emphasising the role of training and controlled diets in preserving body composition. Sedentary non-smokers saw an increase in BF% (17.24% in week 01 against 17.4% in week 7), possibly due to reduced physical activity and dietary alterations during fasting. Sedentary smokers exhibited higher BF% levels during and after Ramadan, influenced by smoking cessation during fasting hours.

These findings underscore the individualistic nature of fasting responses, shaped by factors such as physical activity, smoking, and dietary choices. The study highlights the need for personalised dietary and lifestyle interventions to mitigate the potential adverse effects on body composition, especially among sedentary individuals and smokers. Understanding the complex interactions between fasting, lifestyle behaviours, and body composition is essential for guiding effective health strategies during fasting periods.